To Examine this Topic More Clearly, we must first settle on a Few Definitions to separate the DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NON- TRUTHFUL COMMUNICATION THAT ARE USED IN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH.
1) LIE- THE SIMPLEST OF ALL. A LIE IS A DELIBERATE AND CONSCIOUS ACTION, WRITTEN OR SPOKEN, TO RELAY INFORMATION TO OTHERS THAT THE INDIVIDUAL KNOWS IS NOT TRUE.
2) DECEPTION- CAN BE DESCRIBED AS AVOIDING, IGNORING, OR REJECTING PERTINENT INFORMATION REGARDING A SUBJECT UNDER DEBATE THAT MAY NOT SUPPORT THE DESIRED CONCLUSION. IT IS NOT OFFERING UNTRUTHFUL INFORMATION, BUT IGNORING MATERIAL THAT WOULD BE DETRIMENTAL TO THE PRESELECTED OUTCOME.
HERE ARE A FEW EXAMPLES:
A) DECEPTION BY OMISSION- CHOOSING TO USE ONLY THOSE STATISTICS AND FACTUAL DATA THAT SUPPORT YOUR CONCLUSION, AND DELIBERATELY IGNORING ANY THAT CONTRADICTS THAT CONCLUSION.
B) DECEPTION BY BLIND ACCEPTANCE- THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION TO SUPPORT A FACTUAL CLAIM, THAT HAS NOT BEEN EVALUATED PROPERLY TO ENSURE ACCURACY AND VALIDITY.
C) DECEPTION OF A SINGLE OUTCOME- THE CLAIM THAT BY ACTING, BEHAVING, OR MAKING CERTAIN CHOICES CAN ONLY LEAD TO ONE SPECIFIC CONCLUSION, WHEN IN FACT THERE ARE OTHER POSSIBILITIES.
D) DECEPTION OF ALL THEORIES ARE THE SAME. - THE ASSERTION THAT IF WE CANNOT PROVE SOMETHING TO BE FACTUAL, THAN ALL THEORIES OFFERING A SOLUTION ARE OF EQUAL INTELLECTUAL VALUE.
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