LOGIC. WHAT ARE DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS? PART 1.

You Have Probably Heard These Terms Used Many Times.

Perhaps it was the Classroom, Job Site, or even Television/Movies.

However, were they used Correctly?  

To Introduce this Section, Let's Start with a Couple of Examples.

In a Valid Deductive Argument, if the Premises are True,

THE CONCLUSION MUST BE TRUE.

Here is an Example of a Valid Deductive Argument;

All Politicians are Deceitful People.

All Deceitful People can't be Trusted.

Therefore, All Politicians can't Be Trusted.

Now a Valid Inductive Argument;

Most Politicians Never Tell the Truth.

Our Congressman Promises to Not Raise Taxes.

Therefore, Our Congressman will Probably Raise Taxes.

An Inductive Argument Points to the Probability of the 

Conclusion Being True, but it is not a Certainty.

IN THE NEXT POST ON THIS TOPIC, WE'LL EXAMINE SUCH

TERMS AS VALID/INVALID, WHICH INDICATE IF THE ARGUMENT 

IS LAID OUT, OR CONSTRUCTED CORRECTLY.  THAT, AND WHY 

EXAMINING THE TRUTH OF THE PREMISES IS THE KEY TO 

EVALUATING THE STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS OF EACH ARGUMENT.

LOGIC. HOW CAN YOU SPOT A WELL REASONED ARGUMENT, OR AN IRRATIONAL ONE? PT 1.

It may be a Local Politician, Co-Worker, Friend, or even a Family Member. Yet, it is Inevitable that occasionally someone you know will Voice an Opinion about an Issue that will be in Direct Conflict with your own.  What should you do? What is at Stake if you Decide to Open up and be Honest?  Before you Decide, try to go through the Following Process, and see what Answer it leads you to. 

1.  Is the Subject Matter of Such Importance that it must be Addressed Immediately?-  What is Important to You, Friends and Family, may not really matter to others.  Pick your Battles.  If You have an Opinion on a Subject, but it lies in conflict with Others, is the Disagreement so Vast that you are willing to make a Stand Then and There?  Can it wait for a Different Time and Place?  What Do You Gain, or Lose, by Postponing such a Discussion?

2.  Many Times it is Better to say NOTHING AT ALL, LET THE SPEAKER MAKE THE CASE FOR YOUR SIDE OF AN ISSUE.-  Are you Familiar with the Saying:   

                 "BETTER TO BE THOUGHT A FOOL, THAN TO OPEN YOUR 

                  MOUTH AND REMOVE ALL DOUBT."   

How Many Times have you been present at a Gathering or Event, where Someone Attending is making a Fool of Themselves, Blurting out Meaningless Drivel that has everyone Rolling Their Eyes and Walking Away.  If it is within a group of Fairly Well- Informed People, They will see the Individual for what He Is;  Ill-Informed, Ignorant, and Lacking the Basic Skills for Intellectual Discourse.  No Opinion They Offer will be Taken Seriously, and Hopefully, it is on the Opposite Side of an Issue that you land on.

3.  The Most Important Disagreements to Confront Immediately are Deliberate Falsehoods and Bad Information-  Before you can point out an IRRATIONAL AND INVALID ARGUMENT, MAKE SURE THE SPEAKER CAN BACK UP ANY FACTS AND FIGURES THEY ARE STATING AS FACT.  Don't point out the Flaws in the REASONING AND STRUCTURE OF THEIR ARGUMENT, AND IGNORE ANY MISINFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE PREMISES.  THEY CAN JUST REFORMULATE THE ARGUMENT TO MAKE IT VALID, BUT IT MAY STILL CONTAIN THE SAME FACTUAL FLAWS.

HERE IS A BASIC EXAMPLE;

ALL ROTTWEILERS ARE VICIOUS DOGS.

SPOT IS A  VICIOUS DOG.

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THEREFORE, SPOT IS A ROTTWEILER.

This is an INVALID ARGUMENT.  SPOT MAY 

BE A VICIOUS DOG, BUT ANY BREED OF DOG 

CAN BECOME VICIOUS, IT IS NOT A BEHAVIOR 

EXCLUSIVE TO THE ROTTWEILER.

TO MAKE IT A VALID ARGUMENT, IT IS CHANGED

TO THIS;

ALL ROTTWEILERS ARE VICIOUS DOGS.

SPOT IS A ROTTWEILER.

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THEREFORE, SPOT IS A VICIOUS DOG.

NOW THE ARGUMENT IS LOGICALLY VALID.

HOWEVER, THE BASIS OF TRUTH FOR THE CONCLUSION

THAT SPOT IS VICIOUS, LIES IN THE PREMISE THAT 

ALL ROTTWEILERS ARE VICIOUS. THAT IS A FACTUAL

CLAIM THAT MUST BE BACKED UP WITH PROPER

DATA.

Welle Earns Labor Endorsement. CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATE JOSH WELLE.

Hi David,

Josh earned another major endorsement from 32BJ SEIU, which represents 12,000 property service workers including office cleaners, school maintenance and food service workers, residential workers and security officers while also working with airport workers.

They have been successful in passing legislation in New Jersey including paid sick leave laws and Standard Wage legislation in various counties and cities.

SEIU Vice President, Kevin Brown said, “We congratulate Joshua Welle on his Primary Day victory. We think Welle will work toward making New Jersey a more inclusive state and will put problem-solving and bipartisan solutions over ideology. Our district looks forward to working with him as we head into November’s midterm elections. We are confident Welle would be a champion for DREAMers and TPS recipients and enact progressive legislation that would be a welcome change in a district whose current representative has failed immigrant communities with his inaction and false promises.”

Our campaign has been working tirelessly to ensure a broad coalition of organizers and community leaders are activated to protect DREAMers and working families.

Service First,

Team Welle

News: U.S. Wants to Deport Woman Enslaved by Guerrillas. FREEDOM UNITED.

Woman Enslaved by Salvadoran Guerrillas to be Deported by U.S. for “Supporting Terrorists” June 7, 2018 A woman from El Salvador who gained Temporary Protected Status in the U.S. after being abducted and enslaved by guerrillas is now facing deportation after a court ruled that her forced labor constituted “material support for terrorists.” READ NOW Unprecedented UN Sanctions Slapped on ‘Millionaire Migrant Traffickers’ June 7, 2018 The United Nations Security Council has hit six major human traffickers operating in Libya with unprecedented sanctions. Shockingly, one is a commander in the Libyan Coast Guard who allegedly sank boats full of African migrants. READ NOW An American 13-Year-Old, Pregnant and Forced to Marry Her Rapist June 1, 2018 Dawn Tyree was molested by a family friend when she was just 11. When her parents found out, they didn’t go to the police. Instead, as Dawn recalls, “It was decided for me that I would marry him.” READ NOW Court: Mars No Need to Disclose if Candy Made from Child Slave Labor The Ninth Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals has ruled that candy maker Mars Inc. does not need to disclose if cocoa beans used in its chocolate were produced using child slave labor as it is not a “physical defect” in the product. Read Now >> Thai NGO: 10 Out of 100 Arrested Sex Workers are Victims of Trafficking Empower Foundation is calling for a ban on police raids targeting the sex industry, arguing that the stings violate human rights of women by shaming sex workers and improperly detaining trafficking victims. Read Now >> H&M and Gap to Probe Violence and Sex Abuse in Asian Factories The move comes after NGOs interviewed workers in supplier factories, finding that female workers were at particular risk of retaliation if they reported the abuses. Read Now >> Ex-Crew Help Fellow Victims in Thailand’s Fishing Industry Over 100 rescued fishermen have come together to form the Thai and Migrant Fishers Union Group (TMFG) to help prevent their fellow countrymen from falling victim to forced labor and exploitation at sea. Read Now >> Why Prawns are Off the Menu at Air New Zealand The company's chief executive says, "We’ve recently taken prawns off because we don’t have confidence about the supply and where they’re coming from, what conditions they are caught in and what conditions the workers are in.” Read Now >> Correction: Brands Using Certification Scheme Fail to Stop Labor Abuse A previous version of this article unfortunately contained an image featuring tea brands which are not implicated in the recent news story. In fact, they were social enterprises that are examples of positive change. As a consumer, you can also take positive action to help ensure tea workers are treated fairly. Ask brands: Who Picked My Tea?